TOKYO—August 21, 2024—NTT Corporation (Headquarters: Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo; Representative Member of the Board and President: Akira Shimada; hereinafter "NTT") has succeeded for the first time in the world in simultaneously controlling the polarization and wavefront of light, which had previously been difficult to control, in high harmonic generation^*1, a process of wavelength conversion using intense laser (Figure 1). In this research, we took advantage of the regularity of the atomic arrangement called symmetry^*2 in solid-state crystals that causes wavelength conversion and discovered the light conversion law, which is a basic guideline for controlling the polarization and wavefront of generated light. These results are expected to provide new applications in various fields such as spectroscopy, laser processing, optical manipulation, and optical communications.

The results of this research were published in the online version of the American scientific journal Science Advances on August 2, 2024. This research was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

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News Highlights

1. In a high harmonic generation, which is wavelength conversion using intense laser, we have succeeded in simultaneous control of polarization and wavefront shaping, which has been difficult in the past, by utilizing the characteristics of solid-state crystals
2. We clarified the law that determines the types of solid-state crystals that can be used to generate light with what characteristic polarization and wavefront
3. This result is a necessary guideline for the development of optical technology using harmonic generation. For example, light with controlled wavefront shaping will lead to new applications for optical tweezers, spectroscopy, laser processing, and optical communication technology

Background

Control of important parameters^*3 of laser, such as color (wavelength and frequency), intensity, phase, polarization, and wavefront shaping, has led to applications in various fields, including optical communications, science, industry, and medicine. In recent years, research on the photoresponse of materials irradiated with an intense laser has advanced, leading to laser processing and wavelength conversion technologies. Wavelength conversion is an important technology to generate lasers with wavelengths to suit specific purposes. At the forefront of such research is the wavelength conversion process called high harmonic generation which is the basis of attosecond pulse generation^*4 that won the Nobel Prize in 2023.
At NTT Basic Research Laboratories, we have been researching high-harmonic generation for many years, and by controlling the generated harmonic light, we have been exploring new optical technologies that will lead to precise optical measurements and high-speed optical devices. Until now, we have realized the control of optical parameters such as frequency, intensity, and phase by making laser shorter pulse, shorter wavelength, and higher power. Furthermore, we aim to control all parameters of high harmonics by controlling other important optical parameters such as polarization and wavefront. However, there is no unified understanding of how the polarization and wavefront of laser are converted in high harmonic generation, and controlling them has been a challenge.

Key points of the technology

We focused on the state of light called circular polarization^*5 and optical vortex^*6 as methods to characterize the polarization and wavefront of the laser (Figure 2). By utilizing the symmetry^*2 of solid-state crystals to create optical vortices from circularly polarized light, we succeeded in simultaneously controlling the polarization converted by high harmonic generation and the wavefront shaping. We found that these transformation rules are based on universal laws that reflect the symmetry of solids.

1. High-order solid-state harmonic generation technology using symmetry
   When controlling the polarization and wavefront of the light generated by wavelength conversion, it is best to pay attention to symmetry. Focusing on the dynamical symmetry^*2 that characterizes the temporal and spatial shape of electromagnetic waves that form laser and solid crystals, we can perform controlled polarization and wavefront conversion while maintaining the symmetry feature before and after wavelength conversion by high harmonic generation.
   In this research, we used a solid-state crystal, which has attracted attention in recent years, instead of a gas-phase high harmonics generation technology using gases, which was the main medium in the past, to generate high harmonics, and controlled light using the characteristic symmetry caused by the regular atomic arrangement in the solid-state (Figure 3). The classified regularity of each solid allows the selective generation of different polarizations and wavefront shapes determined by simple laws.
2. An optical experimental system that mutually converts circular polarization of light and optical vortex^*7
   We focused on the fact that focusing a circularly polarized Gaussian beam^*8 on a thick uniaxial crystal⁹ with a lens of short focal length (tight focusing) can generate the optical component of an optical vortex (Figure 4). This generates high harmonics in the same solid-state crystal while easily creating optical vortices, which conventionally require special optical elements. In addition, since the polarization and wavefront can be combined with solid-state crystals to create a state characterized by a single symmetry, it is possible to simultaneously control the polarization and wavefront of harmonic generation by symmetry.

Outline of the experiment

Higher harmonics of various wavelengths were generated in solid crystals. Observations have revealed that control of the converted circularly polarized light and optical vortex states is achieved.
We generated a circularly polarized Gaussian beam of intense infrared femtosecond laser^*10 at a wavelength of 2500 nm and focused it onto a uniaxial gallium selenide (GaSe) crystal 2 mm thick using a lens with a focal length of 6 mm to generate high harmonics (Figure 5). After resolving red, orange, and blue light, which corresponds to frequencies many times higher than the frequency of the focused laser, for each polarization component, the spatial shape of the harmonic beam was confirmed by photographing the generated light with a camera. As a result, the spatial shape of the beam depending on the wavelength and polarization component was observed (Figure 6). Comparing the results with and without tight focusing, we observed doughnut-like and windmill-like beam cross-sections only when tight focusing was applied. The doughnut shape (third-order) indicates the state of a single optical vortex, and the windmill shape (fourth-order) indicates the simultaneous generation of several different optical vortices. These results reveal selective circular polarization and optical vortex states that are simultaneously controlled according to a single conversion law.

Outlook

The law that we discovered is a general-purpose law that determines what kind of polarization and wavefront shaping light is generated when the wavelength of the laser is converted using a solid-state crystal. This is important for the development of basic optical technology. As a specific application example, optical vortices with wavelengths in the ultraviolet region, which are difficult to obtain with conventional laser technology, are obtained by high harmonic generation. The high focusing performance on a small space due to the short wavelength is expected to be used for optical manipulation of small objects (optical tweezers), microspectroscopy, laser processing, and advanced optical communications.

Announcement magazine

Journal: Science Advances (Online publication: August 2, 2024).
Title: "High harmonic spin-orbit angular momentum generation in crystalline solids preserving multiscale dynamical symmetry"
Authors: Kohei Nagai*, Takuya Okamoto, Yasushi Shinohara, Haruki Sanada, and Katsuya Oguri (5 members)

Glossary

*1 ... High harmonic generation

Harmonic generation is the phenomenon of generating light (harmonics) from a fundamental wave (the original laser) with a frequency that is an integer multiple of that (wavelength that is an integer fraction). The conversion process to double and triple the frequency is called second and third harmonic generation, respectively, and the conversion to higher integral multiples is generally called high harmonic generation.

*2 ... Symmetry

Symmetry means that a physical or mathematical system can undergo certain transformations without changing its properties or shape. This is a very important concept in the laws of nature and in physical phenomena. For example, a shape is said to have rotational symmetry if it can be rotated 60°, 90°, 120°, 180 °, and so on and still appear the same. In a solid-state crystal, atoms are arranged in regular order, and the characteristic symmetry of the atomic arrangement determines the general characteristics of the response to light, unlike the case of a gas in which atoms float apart one by one. Particularly dynamical symmetry is a useful concept when matter is irradiated with very strong light. When a strong light is irradiated, the matter changes greatly from its original state, and a state in which light and matter are combined is formed. At that time, because the electromagnetic wave of light acts as a time-periodic external force on the material, the characteristics of the light response of the material can be determined by considering the dynamical symmetry, which is a symmetry that simultaneously includes both time periodicity of light and the spatial symmetry of light and material.

*3 ... Laser beam parameters

A laser is an electromagnetic wave with parameters that characterize it, such as intensity, color (wavelength and frequency), phase, polarization, and wavefront. The color of a laser is determined by the wavelength, which is the distance between the peaks of the wave, or its frequency, which is the number of times a wave vibrates per second. The quantity that indicates where the wave peak is in time is called phase. Electric and magnetic fields vibrate in a two-dimensional plane perpendicular to a straight beam, and the direction in which they vibrate is called polarization. A wavefront is a plane that connects points of an equal phase of a light wave. The wavefront of a normal beam has the shape of a plane perpendicular to the direction of travel (Figure 2). Among these basic optical parameters, precise control of frequency, for example, is one of the important research projects being conducted at NTT Basic Research Laboratories.
Related news release URL:
https://group.ntt/en/newsrelease/2020/03/18/200318a.html (Ultra-High Precision Optical Frequency Transfer)
https://group.ntt/en/newsrelease/2023/07/21/230721a.html (Stabilization of an Electro-Optic Modulation-Based Optical Frequency Comb)

*4 ... Attosecond pulse generation

Around 1990, it was found that irradiation with a strong infrared femtosecond laser^*10 on rare gases generated high harmonic light with a wide range of frequencies reaching the extreme ultraviolet region. In the early 2000s, it was experimentally confirmed that high harmonic light generated became pulse-like light with a duration in the order of attoseconds (10^-18 seconds), and in 2023, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for the technology that enabled the fastest strobe photography in human history. NTT Basic Research Laboratories has been studying the attosecond pulse generation technology for many years.
Related news release URL:
https://www.rd.ntt/brl/latesttopics/2014/12/latest_topics_201412171858.html https://group.ntt/en/newsrelease/2016/04/11/160411b.html
https://group.ntt/en/newsrelease/2018/04/17/180417a.html
(World's fastest electronic flash using attosecond pulses)

*5 ... Circular polarization

While linearly polarized light is a state of light in which the direction of the oscillation of the electric field is fixed in a certain direction, circularly polarized light is a state of light in which the direction of the electric field rotates with time.

*6 ... Optical vortex

An optical vortex is a state of light in which the wavefront of light is spatially twisted. At the center of the optical vortex, there is a singularity where the phase becomes discontinuous, and the intensity distribution has a doughnut-shaped cross-section where the light intensity becomes zero at the center of the beam (Figure 2). Mathematically, it is represented by the Laguerre-Gaussian mode, which is one of the solutions of the equations describing the propagation of the laser beam. Optical vortices are currently used in various fields such as super-resolution microspectroscopy, optical tweezers for microscopic materials, and wireless optical communications.

*7 ... Method for mutually converting circular polarization of light and optical vortex

This is one way to create optical vortices. There are many ways to create optical vortices. In most cases, the wavefront of a Gaussian beam^*8 is converted by a special optical element. For example, optical vortices can be converted into optical vortices by passing through a transparent plate (spiral phase plate) with a spatially spiral thickness. Among the conversion methods, there is a method in which circularly polarized light and optical vortex are converted to each other. An example is a thick uniaxial crystal9 that is focused from a direction parallel to its optical axis^*9 with a lens with a short focal length, which utilizes an effect called birefringence (a difference in the speed at which light travels in a material according to the polarization of light because the refractive index differs between two directions perpendicular to the direction in which light travels) of light. In physics, the rotational direction of circularly polarized light corresponds to the spin angular momentum (a quantity representing the rotational motion of a particle), and the number of turns of the wavefront of an optical vortex corresponds to the orbital angular momentum (a quantity representing the orbital motion of a particle). Therefore, the effect called "spin-orbit coupling" is drawing attention as an analogy to light.

*8 ... Gaussian beam

A beam with a planar wavefront shape (not an optical vortex) and a cross-sectional structure that gradually decreases in intensity (according to a Gaussian function) from the center of the beam outward is a conventional laser beam and is called a Gaussian beam (Figure 2).

*9 ... Uniaxial crystal

A crystal with a refractive index of light that differs only along one axis. The direction of one axis is called the optical axis.

*10 ... Femtosecond laser

A laser beam that emits a temporal pulse rather than a steady state and duration is in the order of femtoseconds (10^-15 seconds).

News Highlights

1. In a high harmonic generation, which is wavelength conversion using intense laser, we have succeeded in simultaneous control of polarization and wavefront shaping, which has been difficult in the past, by utilizing the characteristics of solid-state crystals
2. We clarified the law that determines the types of solid-state crystals that can be used to generate light with what characteristic polarization and wavefront
3. This result is a necessary guideline for the development of optical technology using harmonic generation. For example, light with controlled wavefront shaping will lead to new applications for optical tweezers, spectroscopy, laser processing, and optical communication technology

Background

Control of important parameters^*3 of laser, such as color (wavelength and frequency), intensity, phase, polarization, and wavefront shaping, has led to applications in various fields, including optical communications, science, industry, and medicine. In recent years, research on the photoresponse of materials irradiated with an intense laser has advanced, leading to laser processing and wavelength conversion technologies. Wavelength conversion is an important technology to generate lasers with wavelengths to suit specific purposes. At the forefront of such research is the wavelength conversion process called high harmonic generation which is the basis of attosecond pulse generation^*4 that won the Nobel Prize in 2023.
At NTT Basic Research Laboratories, we have been researching high-harmonic generation for many years, and by controlling the generated harmonic light, we have been exploring new optical technologies that will lead to precise optical measurements and high-speed optical devices. Until now, we have realized the control of optical parameters such as frequency, intensity, and phase by making laser shorter pulse, shorter wavelength, and higher power. Furthermore, we aim to control all parameters of high harmonics by controlling other important optical parameters such as polarization and wavefront. However, there is no unified understanding of how the polarization and wavefront of laser are converted in high harmonic generation, and controlling them has been a challenge.

Key points of the technology

We focused on the state of light called circular polarization^*5 and optical vortex^*6 as methods to characterize the polarization and wavefront of the laser (Figure 2). By utilizing the symmetry^*2 of solid-state crystals to create optical vortices from circularly polarized light, we succeeded in simultaneously controlling the polarization converted by high harmonic generation and the wavefront shaping. We found that these transformation rules are based on universal laws that reflect the symmetry of solids.

1. High-order solid-state harmonic generation technology using symmetry
   When controlling the polarization and wavefront of the light generated by wavelength conversion, it is best to pay attention to symmetry. Focusing on the dynamical symmetry^*2 that characterizes the temporal and spatial shape of electromagnetic waves that form laser and solid crystals, we can perform controlled polarization and wavefront conversion while maintaining the symmetry feature before and after wavelength conversion by high harmonic generation.
   In this research, we used a solid-state crystal, which has attracted attention in recent years, instead of a gas-phase high harmonics generation technology using gases, which was the main medium in the past, to generate high harmonics, and controlled light using the characteristic symmetry caused by the regular atomic arrangement in the solid-state (Figure 3). The classified regularity of each solid allows the selective generation of different polarizations and wavefront shapes determined by simple laws.
2. An optical experimental system that mutually converts circular polarization of light and optical vortex^*7
   We focused on the fact that focusing a circularly polarized Gaussian beam^*8 on a thick uniaxial crystal⁹ with a lens of short focal length (tight focusing) can generate the optical component of an optical vortex (Figure 4). This generates high harmonics in the same solid-state crystal while easily creating optical vortices, which conventionally require special optical elements. In addition, since the polarization and wavefront can be combined with solid-state crystals to create a state characterized by a single symmetry, it is possible to simultaneously control the polarization and wavefront of harmonic generation by symmetry.

Outline of the experiment

Higher harmonics of various wavelengths were generated in solid crystals. Observations have revealed that control of the converted circularly polarized light and optical vortex states is achieved.
We generated a circularly polarized Gaussian beam of intense infrared femtosecond laser^*10 at a wavelength of 2500 nm and focused it onto a uniaxial gallium selenide (GaSe) crystal 2 mm thick using a lens with a focal length of 6 mm to generate high harmonics (Figure 5). After resolving red, orange, and blue light, which corresponds to frequencies many times higher than the frequency of the focused laser, for each polarization component, the spatial shape of the harmonic beam was confirmed by photographing the generated light with a camera. As a result, the spatial shape of the beam depending on the wavelength and polarization component was observed (Figure 6). Comparing the results with and without tight focusing, we observed doughnut-like and windmill-like beam cross-sections only when tight focusing was applied. The doughnut shape (third-order) indicates the state of a single optical vortex, and the windmill shape (fourth-order) indicates the simultaneous generation of several different optical vortices. These results reveal selective circular polarization and optical vortex states that are simultaneously controlled according to a single conversion law.

Outlook

The law that we discovered is a general-purpose law that determines what kind of polarization and wavefront shaping light is generated when the wavelength of the laser is converted using a solid-state crystal. This is important for the development of basic optical technology. As a specific application example, optical vortices with wavelengths in the ultraviolet region, which are difficult to obtain with conventional laser technology, are obtained by high harmonic generation. The high focusing performance on a small space due to the short wavelength is expected to be used for optical manipulation of small objects (optical tweezers), microspectroscopy, laser processing, and advanced optical communications.

Announcement magazine

Journal: Science Advances (Online publication: August 2, 2024).
Title: "High harmonic spin-orbit angular momentum generation in crystalline solids preserving multiscale dynamical symmetry"
Authors: Kohei Nagai*, Takuya Okamoto, Yasushi Shinohara, Haruki Sanada, and Katsuya Oguri (5 members)

Glossary

*1 ... High harmonic generation

Harmonic generation is the phenomenon of generating light (harmonics) from a fundamental wave (the original laser) with a frequency that is an integer multiple of that (wavelength that is an integer fraction). The conversion process to double and triple the frequency is called second and third harmonic generation, respectively, and the conversion to higher integral multiples is generally called high harmonic generation.

*2 ... Symmetry

Symmetry means that a physical or mathematical system can undergo certain transformations without changing its properties or shape. This is a very important concept in the laws of nature and in physical phenomena. For example, a shape is said to have rotational symmetry if it can be rotated 60°, 90°, 120°, 180 °, and so on and still appear the same. In a solid-state crystal, atoms are arranged in regular order, and the characteristic symmetry of the atomic arrangement determines the general characteristics of the response to light, unlike the case of a gas in which atoms float apart one by one. Particularly dynamical symmetry is a useful concept when matter is irradiated with very strong light. When a strong light is irradiated, the matter changes greatly from its original state, and a state in which light and matter are combined is formed. At that time, because the electromagnetic wave of light acts as a time-periodic external force on the material, the characteristics of the light response of the material can be determined by considering the dynamical symmetry, which is a symmetry that simultaneously includes both time periodicity of light and the spatial symmetry of light and material.

*3 ... Laser beam parameters

A laser is an electromagnetic wave with parameters that characterize it, such as intensity, color (wavelength and frequency), phase, polarization, and wavefront. The color of a laser is determined by the wavelength, which is the distance between the peaks of the wave, or its frequency, which is the number of times a wave vibrates per second. The quantity that indicates where the wave peak is in time is called phase. Electric and magnetic fields vibrate in a two-dimensional plane perpendicular to a straight beam, and the direction in which they vibrate is called polarization. A wavefront is a plane that connects points of an equal phase of a light wave. The wavefront of a normal beam has the shape of a plane perpendicular to the direction of travel (Figure 2). Among these basic optical parameters, precise control of frequency, for example, is one of the important research projects being conducted at NTT Basic Research Laboratories.
Related news release URL:
https://group.ntt/en/newsrelease/2020/03/18/200318a.html (Ultra-High Precision Optical Frequency Transfer)
https://group.ntt/en/newsrelease/2023/07/21/230721a.html (Stabilization of an Electro-Optic Modulation-Based Optical Frequency Comb)

*4 ... Attosecond pulse generation

Around 1990, it was found that irradiation with a strong infrared femtosecond laser^*10 on rare gases generated high harmonic light with a wide range of frequencies reaching the extreme ultraviolet region. In the early 2000s, it was experimentally confirmed that high harmonic light generated became pulse-like light with a duration in the order of attoseconds (10^-18 seconds), and in 2023, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for the technology that enabled the fastest strobe photography in human history. NTT Basic Research Laboratories has been studying the attosecond pulse generation technology for many years.
Related news release URL:
https://www.rd.ntt/brl/latesttopics/2014/12/latest_topics_201412171858.html https://group.ntt/en/newsrelease/2016/04/11/160411b.html
https://group.ntt/en/newsrelease/2018/04/17/180417a.html
(World's fastest electronic flash using attosecond pulses)

*5 ... Circular polarization

While linearly polarized light is a state of light in which the direction of the oscillation of the electric field is fixed in a certain direction, circularly polarized light is a state of light in which the direction of the electric field rotates with time.

*6 ... Optical vortex

An optical vortex is a state of light in which the wavefront of light is spatially twisted. At the center of the optical vortex, there is a singularity where the phase becomes discontinuous, and the intensity distribution has a doughnut-shaped cross-section where the light intensity becomes zero at the center of the beam (Figure 2). Mathematically, it is represented by the Laguerre-Gaussian mode, which is one of the solutions of the equations describing the propagation of the laser beam. Optical vortices are currently used in various fields such as super-resolution microspectroscopy, optical tweezers for microscopic materials, and wireless optical communications.

*7 ... Method for mutually converting circular polarization of light and optical vortex

This is one way to create optical vortices. There are many ways to create optical vortices. In most cases, the wavefront of a Gaussian beam^*8 is converted by a special optical element. For example, optical vortices can be converted into optical vortices by passing through a transparent plate (spiral phase plate) with a spatially spiral thickness. Among the conversion methods, there is a method in which circularly polarized light and optical vortex are converted to each other. An example is a thick uniaxial crystal9 that is focused from a direction parallel to its optical axis^*9 with a lens with a short focal length, which utilizes an effect called birefringence (a difference in the speed at which light travels in a material according to the polarization of light because the refractive index differs between two directions perpendicular to the direction in which light travels) of light. In physics, the rotational direction of circularly polarized light corresponds to the spin angular momentum (a quantity representing the rotational motion of a particle), and the number of turns of the wavefront of an optical vortex corresponds to the orbital angular momentum (a quantity representing the orbital motion of a particle). Therefore, the effect called "spin-orbit coupling" is drawing attention as an analogy to light.

*8 ... Gaussian beam

A beam with a planar wavefront shape (not an optical vortex) and a cross-sectional structure that gradually decreases in intensity (according to a Gaussian function) from the center of the beam outward is a conventional laser beam and is called a Gaussian beam (Figure 2).

*9 ... Uniaxial crystal

A crystal with a refractive index of light that differs only along one axis. The direction of one axis is called the optical axis.

*10 ... Femtosecond laser

A laser beam that emits a temporal pulse rather than a steady state and duration is in the order of femtoseconds (10^-15 seconds).